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 Intellectual disability (ID), formerly known as mental retardation, is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by:

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1. Significant limitations in cognitive functioning (intelligence)

2. Impaired adaptive behaviors, such as:

    - Communication

    - Social skills

    - Practical skills (e.g., self-care, daily living)

3. Originating before the age of 18

Intellectual disability affects approximately 1-3% of the global population. It's important to note that ID is not:

- A mental illness

- A result of poor education or environment

- A definition of a person's potential or worth

Levels of Intellectual Disability:

1. Mild: IQ 50-69, minimal support needed

2. Moderate: IQ 35-49, moderate support needed

3. Severe: IQ 20-34, significant support needed

4. Profound: IQ below 20, extensive support needed

Causes:

- Genetic conditions (e.g., Down syndrome)

- Brain injuries or infections

- Prenatal or perinatal complications

- Environmental factors (e.g., exposure to toxins)

Support and accommodations can significantly impact the quality of life for individuals with intellectual disabilities.